Authorship should be restricted to individuals who have made significant contributions to the research’s conception, design, conduct, or interpretation. All such contributors should be listed as co-authors. The corresponding author must ensure all co-authors have reviewed and approved the final manuscript and consented to its submission.

Authors must review the author list and rankings before submission and provide a final author list upon initial submission. Post-submission changes to authorship will only be considered in exceptional cases with unanimous author agreement. Authors share joint responsibility for manuscript integrity.

Author list modifications can only be made before manuscript acceptance, subject to Editor approval. The corresponding author must provide (a) justification for the proposed change and (b) written consent from all authors. Post-acceptance changes will rarely be considered.

Original research articles should present novel approaches and objective discussions, with sufficient detail and references for replication. Fraudulent statements are unethical.

Authors must guarantee their work is original, unpublished, and not under consideration elsewhere, including in other languages.

All content must be original, with proper citation of external sources. Information from private communications requires explicit written permission.

Authors may need to submit research data for editorial review and comply with open data policies. Public access to data should be provided when possible, with reasonable post-publication retention.

Duplicate publication is prohibited. Submitting the same article to multiple journals simultaneously is unethical. Previously published work should not be resubmitted except as abstracts.

Studies requiring ethics committee approval must include documentation, with committee details in the methods section. Case reports must confirm informed consent.

Conflicts of interest arise when financial or other interests may compromise impartiality or create unfair advantages. All funding sources and sponsor involvement must be disclosed. Absence of funding should be stated.

Authors must immediately inform journals of significant errors in published work and assist with corrections or retractions as needed. Authors must cooperate with editors when third parties identify errors.

Image manipulation through enhancement, darkening, repositioning, or element addition/removal is prohibited. Authors must follow journal policies on graphic images.